Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Capital - Essay Example The prices of the Australian goods exports have decreased since May, due to the decrease in the price of crude oil, iron ore, etc. The Australian dollar price has appreciated over three months, despite the deterioration in the global economy and fragile financial condition. This study aims at evaluating the decision of Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) for not changing the cash rate until December. The implications of cash rate in the economy of Australia, its effect and the effect of probable changes in the cash rate are also important issues that would be discussed in the study. The motive is to forecast the decision of RBA regarding changing the cash rate. Like the central banks in the industrialized countries, the RBA also utilizes interest rate on short-term basis, as an operating instrument in order to implement monetary policy. Under the current policy, the RBA has set a monetary policy by allotting a level of target for cash rate. RBA has been quite successful in achieving the cash rate as per its target level. The payment system of an economy represents the system by which the different agents settle their transactions. In case of Australia the major participants that can be considered in the payment system are the households or the firms, which can also be called the non-bank mass of public, the RBA, private banks and the federal government. The non-bank public use transaction deposits and currency for making payments and eliminating their debts if any. The transaction deposits are the banks accounts that can be used by cheques or through the debit cards. Money or currency is a liability for the RBA. So it can be said that the transaction deposits are also a liability for the banking system. It can be also said that the medium of transaction by a household or firm would also depend on the relative cost. The banks

Characteristics of Effective Technical Writing Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Effective Technical Writing Essay Technical writing is meant to get a job done. Everything else is secondary. If the writing style is interesting, so much the better. There are 6 basic characteristics of technical writing: 1. Clarity: The written document must convey a single meaning that the reader can easily understand. Unclear technical writing leads to wasted time, money and resources. 2. Accuracy: This means to not only be careful to avoid errors in recording facts; it also means freedom from bias or subjectivity. If readers suspect you are slanting information by overstating the significance of a particular point, they have every right to doubt the validity of the entire document. 3. Comprehensiveness: A comprehensive technical document provides all the information its readers will need. Readers who must act on a document need to be able to apply the information efficiently and effectively. 4. Accessibility: This refers to the ease with which readers can locate the information they seek. Topic sentences should be used at the beginning of paragraphs. Thesis Statement should be identifiable in the introductory paragraph. 5. Conciseness: To be useful, technical writing must be concise. The longer a document is, the more difficult it is to use, for the obvious reason that it takes more of the reader’s time. A document must strive to balance the claims of clarity, conciseness, and comprehensiveness; it must be long enough to be clear-given the audience, purpose, and subject –but not a word longer. 6. Correctness: Good technical writing observes the conventions of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and usage. Leaving sloppy grammar errors in your writing is like wearing a soup-stained shirt to a business meeting: it will distract your readers, and may make them doubt the importance of your information.

The Effects Of Exercise On Pulse Rate

The Effects Of Exercise On Pulse Rate Aim: To find out how exercise affects the human body, by measuring changes in pulse rate and blood pressure. Introduction The glucose is broken down in our tissues into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP). ATP provides energy for processes such as muscle contraction (the process needed for exercise). The glucose and oxygen necessary for respiration are transported to the cells through the blood stream. The heart muscles contract to pump the blood around the body to the cells, providing the substances needed for respiration. When you exercise the muscle cells (which muscles are made of) need to contract more than usual, requiring more energy. To produce more energy the cells need more oxygen and glucose than they would usually receive. In order to supply the heart muscles contract faster. This increased rate of contraction increases the blood pressure, transporting the blood round the body faster. The increased rate of contraction can be measured through pulse rate or taking blood pressure. Glucose enters the blood stream through the digestive system but oxygen is absorbed into the blood stream through the lun gs. Oxygen is taken into the lungs and diffuses into the blood stream. The oxygen is transported round the body to the cells in this manner. In order to prove that these are the effects of exercise on the body I will need to conduct an experiment. I will exercise for varied periods of time or for varied periods of distance and I will record my number of breaths and pulse rate for one minute after exercising. I will also record my pulse rate and breathe rate at rest. This should prove that both increase after exercise. To choose an exercise and to determine whether I should use distance or time I will conduct a preliminary experiment. Method 1. Use the metre rule to measure a distance of 62 metres. 2. Measure the pulse (at the neck or the wrist) per minute and number of breaths per minute. 3. Jog the 62 metres (1 length). 4. When you have finished jogging record your pulse rate and number of breaths for one minute. 5. Jog 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 lengths, recording pulse and number of breaths per minute after each period of jogging. 6. Repeat each number of lengths at least 3 (preferably 5 or more) times. Result My results helped me choose an exercise to use for my experiment. running and bike were all too exhausting to keep up for long periods of time (they gave an extremely high pulse and breathing rate for just one minute of exercise). Step ups, sit-ups and power walking gave fairly low results, meaning that they might give insignificant changes after brief periods of exercise. Jogging gave a good mix between the two so I decided to use jogging as my chosen exercise. After choosing jogging I needed to find out whether time or distance was more appropriate for my final experiment. I jogged for 1-5 minutes and I jogged 62-310 metres (62 metres was the length of a tennis court I used as a measure of distance). After jogging I took my pulse rate and breathing rate for one minute each. Discussion The exercise would have to give clear results that would make a significant difference to blood pressure and pulse rate, without giving too drastic a change. If the change was too drastic it would be difficult to keep up the exercise for a long time or distance. I recorded results for eight different exercises, doing each exercise for one minute before taking pulse rate for one minute and breath for one minute. Conclusion Overall the evidence obtained was fairly accurate and reliable. I recorded several results for each distance in order to get a reliable average and to ensure that the results were not incorrect or abnormal. The results were not as accurate as they should have been, however. Two results, one for number of blood pressure and one for pulse were anomalous and had to be redone. The measurements taken were accurate as far as they go, but number of breaths per minute is ambiguous. The tidal volume (depth) of the breaths may vary over the minute they were being recorded, with breaths at the beginning of the minute being deeper than those at the end (due to the fact that less energy is needed just after an exercise than is needed a short time after the exercise). The procedure was relatively accurate and allowed plenty of opportunity for repeats. The procedure could have been improved if lengths with replaced with a continuous circuit, as more energy is required for turning and you need to sl ow down to turn. The main problem with the procedure was that there was no foolproof way of keeping the pace constant. This could perhaps have been rectified through the use of an electronic treadmill. On an electronic treadmill you set a speed and your pace must remain the same otherwise you run out of space to jog on. The evidence is firm enough to support my conclusion, although more evidence is needed to confirm it. The evidence is also reliable as a reasonable amount of repeats have been conducted. To provide firmer results, more repeats should be performed over a wider range; preferably using more than one person (I used only myself in this experiment). Two anomalous results were recorded. The first was a pulse rate of 123 after having run 310 metres (the other results recorded were 169, 171, 174 and 170).This anomaly was the result of losing count during the reading. The second anomaly was 40 breaths after running 620 metres (the other results were 57, 54, 59 and 52). This an omaly was a result of accidentally stopping the count before one minute had passed. Reflection As can be seen after exercise pulse rate and breathing rate increased. The pulse rate went up quite quickly at first, before slowly levelling off. Breathing rate increased steadily and slowly began to level off. The reason for this increase is due to the energy required for exercise. When running the muscles contract to make move. To be able to contract they need energy. They produce this energy through a process called aerobic respiration: As can be seen Glucose and Oxygen are required to produce energy that muscle cells need to contract. Glucose and oxygen are taken to the cells in the blood stream. Glucose is taken into the blood stream through the digestive system. Oxygen is taken into the blood stream through the lungs. When humans gasp (breath in) the oxygen that is inhaled diffuses (diffusion is the random movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration) into the blood stream. The oxygen diffuses through the alveoli, which are microscopic bubbles in the lung. A network of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) surrounds these alveoli and it is through these that oxygen enters the blood stream. In the blood there are red blood cells. These cells contain chemical called haemoglobin, which attracts oxygen. The oxygen is absorbed into the red blood cells and forms a compound with the haemoglobin, called ox haemoglobin, the heart muscles contract, forcing the blood round the body. The oxygen is transported round the body in the red blood cells; to where it is needed (it is needed in all cells as they must all carry out respiration to survive). When you exercise the muscle cells need to produce more energy than usual, so they need more oxygen and glucose than usual. To allow this to happen, your breathing rate must increase. You take in more breaths and your tidal volume the depth of your breath increases, Muscles in between your ribs contact, moving up and out and your diaphragm (a sheet of muscle at the bottom of your chest cavity) contracts, moving down. This increases the volume in your thorax (chest cavity), decreasing the pressure. Air rushes down to equalise the pressure. When you exhale your intercostals muscles and diaphragm relax, moving back to their original positions. The pressure is increased in your thorax so air rushes out to equalise the pressure. Your intercostals muscles and diaphragm contract more quickly and contract more than they usually would, to allow a greater amount of deeper breaths. Glucose and oxygen must still be transported to the cells, however. To accomplish your heart muscles contract more rapidly. This increases the blood pressure, forcing it round the body faster. This helps transport the oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells quicker. Also, it makes sure that plenty of blood is circulating around the capillaries in the lungs, so that more oxygen can be absorbed into the blood stream.

U.S. Criminal Justice System Essay -- legal reform, social issues, cir

Before proposing a reform to the American criminal justice system, we must first examine the problems that plague the process of justice on all levels. American society plays an important role in shaping the criminal justice system. Their beliefs and values determine the type of deviants and the consequences of the crimes. Often their beliefs contradict each other. Americans believe that the more serious a crime is, the longer a person should spend in a prison. In reality it means that a law at discretion can sometimes just set a number of years that a person should spend in the jail, regardless of the situation. The time in the prison is often very long (Randall, Brown, Miller& Fritzler, p.216) because some states have definite sentence or mandatory sentences which leave little room for the judge to decide on the merits of the person. For example, California favors â€Å"Three Strikes and You’re Out†(Randall & et al., p.216) stance on the laws which means after third felony crime, a person must spend 25-year-to-life sentence in the prison. They believe that the deprivations of basic needs, isolation from the society, and in extreme cases, death are consequences of committing a crime. The process of the court in America values efficiency and tough punishments. Since there are a lot of arrests, the court is overburdened and pressed for time. The prisoners are processed through like animals for the slaughter, quickly and with no mercy. The inequality in the terms of power and money influences the court. People with deep pockets are able to bail out or negotiate for a lesser term than a person assigned to a free lawyer by the state. Those consequences Americans believe will serve as deterrence or warning to people to obey the law... ...not the answer to all of the problems that America is experiencing in the criminal justice system, but however it may take the pressure off the state to provide the help to people. The reduction and the reform in the prisons are strongly recommended before using this new model. Works Cited Shelden, R.G., Brown, W.B., Miller, K.S., & Fritzler, R.B. (2008). Crime and criminal justice in american society. Long Grove, Illinosis: Waveland Press, INC. Bohet, A.K. & Wadhwa, T. Beyond the prison walls: reforming through silence. Indian Psychology Institute. http://ipi.org.in/texts/nsip/nsip-full/toolika-tihar.html Doleschal, E. (1977). Rate and length of imprisonment: how does the united states compare with the netherlands, denmark , and sweden?. Crime & Delinquency, 23(1), p. 51 -56 http://cad.sagepub.com/content/23/1/51 doi: 10.117/001112877702300105

Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Essay

Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Pain has been defined by Coates & Hindle as an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience which signals a potential or actual damage to tissues (2011, p. 213). Pain is a common human experience and can emanate from injury and illness. There are two main types of pain; acute pain is short-lived, lasting for minutes or several days and its onset often takes place rapidly. It results from the activation of pain nerve endings or nociceptors either by internal or external pain stimuli. On the other hand chronic pain is continuous and sometimes recurrent and can last for weeks, months or even years. Chronic pain is usually not located at or related to the tissue undergoing trauma (Draper & Knight, 2007, p. 104). Various theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the transmission and perception of pain. These include the specificity theory which maintains that specific fibers and pain receptors are activated by injury after which the pain signals are projected via the spinal pathway to an area in the brain that interprets the pain. In this regard, the specificity theory virtually equates the peripheral injury with the psychological experience caused by the pain (Anderson, 2004, p. 355). However, this theory has been found to harbor several limitations as research about pain has intensified with time. In light of this, the gate theory that was proposed by Melzack and Wall has had a major contribution to the understanding of pain transmission and perception (Pain Game Part 2, 2011). Research has demonstrated that pain is affected by psychological and physiological factors which helps to explain the mechanism underlying inhibition and/or facilitaion of pai... ...t has been noted that the gate control theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 formed the foundation of understanding the process of pain signal transmission. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the region of the CNS that controls the passage of pain signals by means of opening and/or closing the gate. Pain can only be perceived if reaches the brain. Events that cause excitation such pain signals and the release of excitatory or facilitatory chemicals cause the gate to open whereas inhibitory events such as competing nerve impulses caused by rubbing trigger closure of the gate. The gate can also be closed due to descending inhibition enhanced by relaxation or the use of pain-relieving medication such as morphine. The brain stem is responsible for controlling the transmission of pain signals via the ascending and descending pain pathways.

Barriers of Communication Essay

Reducing barriers whether be in general conversation or other mediums (e.g. emails, memos, or phone calls) is the responsibility of both the sender and receiver of the message. Techniques to improve communication and overcome barriers on the sender’s end would include being aware of barriers such as noise or distractions, be empathetic to the receiver, pay careful attention to nonverbal cues, and confirm understanding of the message they are sending (Baack, 2012). Baack (2012) also pointed out receivers must be active listeners and seek clarification of the message while also providing feedback to keep clarity in the conversation. Verbal and nonverbal cues play a huge role in communication. For example, brokers in the middle of the Wall Street stock exchange have the best nonverbal communications despite all the noise, distraction, and environmental barriers. Brokers have worked years on perfecting hand gestures to communicate with other members of their firms. This is one way to overcome such barriers. The use of evolved technologies such as email, power point, or text messages creates another barrier to overcome. The medium of message delivery can produce barriers with too many fonts, slang, emoticons, pictures, text talk, and unclear descriptions. This barrier is personal to me. I find my emails to be extremely detailed, full of industry jargon, and read as if I speak. After reading this chapter I see how my written messages confusion the receiver and cause unnecessary barriers and wasted time. I need to focus more on condensing my thoughts and making a concise clear message. Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Culture of Australia Essay

The question of identity is always a difficult one for those living in a culture or group, yet belonging to another. This difficulty frequently remains in the mind of most immigrants, especially the second generations who were born in a country other than their parents. Younger generations feel as if they are forced to change to fit the social standards despite previous culture or group. Furthermore those who wish to adopt a new identity of a group or culture haven’t yet been fully accepted by original members due to their former identity. Living with a different culture to our roots can lead to changes in our lives. Migrating to Australia has affected a lot of authors from Alice Pung’s vignettes of ‘Growing up Asian in Australia’. Michelle Law displays her exclusion from the Australian culture by preparing ‘exotic lunches’ with her mother, as well as her ‘hairless’ Chinese body compared to the school girls. Being seen as a distinct outsider to the Australian culture can influence one to change their way of life to fit in and form friendships. Sunil an Indian schoolboy was faced with the choice of constantly being bullied over his differences or adapting to the community by altering his name to Neil. Changing for others an lose your place in your original identity and culture. After visiting Hong Kong, Michelle momentarily feels identical to her surroundings with her Chinese ethnicity. After mispronouncing words when ordering at a Cantonese Mc Donald’s, Michelle comes to realise that she feels just as excluded in Hong Kong as she did in Australia. This sense of displacement caused by multiple cultures can question Michelle’s judgement, â€Å"Am I more Asian or more Australian? † The feeling of not fitting in can lead us to changes in our life to fit social standards despite our previous culture or way of life. Alice Pung addresses the idea of multiculturalism in her novel ‘Unpolished Gem’. Two of the themes in this novel where she portrays her culture are through personal identity and the impact of the past. A major influence on Alice’s identity was when she was a young child and her grandmother would tell her stories about events that occurred in Cambodia. In Alice’s teenage years, her beloved grandmother has a stroke, developed disabilities and eventually had passed away. It is around this time where serious psychological problems occur for Alice. This almost forces her into a mental state in which she knows she does not fit in with the Australian culture. She believed she had to do everything she could to change that otherwise Alice knew she would break down mentally. Alice was forced to attempt to fit the social standards of Australia. The actions of adopting a new identity by putting yourself into a different group can lead to not only the new group not fully accepting you but also your original group will see you as a totally different person. At the age of 13 I played basketball for the under 14s side. We were all very close and had formed great friendships throughout the season. The following season I was asked to play above my age group. Without thinking twice I accepted what I thought was a great opportunity. A few days pasted and it was the day of my first training session with the older group. Throughout the 2 hours of training I did not enjoy myself at all. No one would pass me the ball and it was as if they didn’t want me there. To be honest I didn’t want to be there neither. I decided to return to my own age group and play with my old friend. At the next training session with my original team I realized the same thing was happening, no one would pass me the ball or even acknowledge that I was on the court. It turns out I had changed as a person and found myself caught between the two teams. The moral of that experience was by trying to fit in with a new group I found that I had lost my original identity and forgot where I belong. There are a variety of scenarios that result in us trying to change. Whether it is a result of a different culture or even past experiences. People also feel as if they are forced upon change, and even if you find yourself with a new identity or culture, you may not be fully accepted by original members of that group or culture. The power of a group however is often the cause of losing our individual identity. In conclusion the question remains of whether Change of an identity is right or wrong?